329 lines
6.9 KiB
Markdown
329 lines
6.9 KiB
Markdown
# Linux
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- [Distros](#distros)
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- [Graphical Environment](#graphical-environment)
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- [Display Managers](#display-managers)
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- [cli - utils](#cli---utils)
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- [Graphical Applications](#graphical-applications)
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- [Gnome Files/Nautilus](#gnome-filesnautilus)
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- [Commands and Utilities](#commands-and-utilities)
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- [Navigation and File Management](#navigation-and-file-management)
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- [Archiving and Compression](#archiving-and-compression)
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- [tar](#tar)
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- [Users, Groups, and File permissions](#users-groups-and-file-permissions)
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- [Network Configuration](#network-configuration)
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- [hostname / hostnamectl](#hostname--hostnamectl)
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- [static ip](#static-ip)
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- [System Monitoring Utilities](#system-monitoring-utilities)
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- [btop](#btop)
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- [Storage](#storage)
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- [Disk Space and Used](#disk-space-and-used)
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- [Physical Disks and Partition](#physical-disks-and-partition)
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- [hdparm](#hdparm)
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- [smartctl](#smartctl)
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- [Network Storage](#network-storage)
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- [smb](#smb)
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- [gio](#gio)
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- [CLI Diagnostics and System Topology](#cli-diagnostics-and-system-topology)
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- [lspci](#lspci)
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## Distros
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- [Debian](./docs/distros/debian.md)
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- [Fedora](./docs/distros/fedora.md)
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- [Proxmox pve](https://git.limbosolutions.com/kb/proxmox)
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## Graphical Environment
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### Display Managers
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🎛️ A display manager is the graphical login screen you see when you boot your system.
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Main job: It handles user sessions — letting you log in, choose a user, select a desktop environment, and start the graphical session.
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Examples:
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- [LightDM (lightweight and flexible)](./docs/display-managers/lightdm.md)
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- [GDM (GNOME Display Manager)](./docs/desktop-environments/gnome.md)
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- [SDDM](./docs/display-managers/sddm.md) - Used by [KDE](./docs/desktop-environments/kde.md)
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- LXDM (used by LXDE)
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#### cli - utils
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check which display manager is currently running on your system.
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**Debian:**
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``` bash
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systemctl status display-manager
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```
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### Graphical Applications
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#### Gnome Files/Nautilus
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<https://www.maketecheasier.com/useful-nautlius-tweaks-linux/>
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## Commands and Utilities
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### Navigation and File Management
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📁 List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
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```bash
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#order by date
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ls -t
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#order by date reverse
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ls -r
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# list all
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ls -lah
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```
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### Archiving and Compression
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#### tar
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**📦 tar** is a command-line utility in Unix/Linux used to archive multiple files into a single file, often for backup, compression, or distribution. The name stands for “tape archive”, originally designed for writing data to magnetic tape.
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**Flags:**
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- -c Create a new archive
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- -v Verbose — show progress while archiving
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- -p Preserve permissions — keeps original file permissions
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- -z Compress using gzip
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- -f File name — expects a filename right after this flag
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- -I compressor
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- -p preserve file permissions
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```bash
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tar -cvf --exclude='.cache' --exclude='Cache' --exclude='.cache' --exclude='.tmp' --exclude='tmp' /tmp/filename.tar.gz \
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$source_path_to_tar
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#(Parallel Implementation of Gzip) to to create a fast, compressed archive
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tar -I pigz -cvf - /fileserver/media/music/*
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# splits the output into 8 GB chunks,
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tar -I pigz -cvf - /sourcefolder/* | split --bytes=8GB - /tmp/file.tar.gz
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```## Visual Linux
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```bash
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tar -cvpzf "/vault/.backups/devices/homeserver/tar/backup_$(date +"%Y%m%d%H%M%S").tar.gz \
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--exclude=/proc \
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--exclude=/tmp \
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--exclude=/mnt \
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--exclude=/dev \
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--exclude=/sys \
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--exclude=/run \
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--exclude=/media \
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--one-file-system \
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/
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```
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### Users, Groups, and File permissions
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```bash
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#create
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useradd USERNAME
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# create with home directory
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useradd -m USERNAME
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#remove
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userdel USERNAME
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#useradd -r USERNAME
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passwd
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passwd USERNAME
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groups
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groupadd GROUPNAME
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groups USERNAME
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usermod -a -G GROUPNAME USERNAME
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```
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### Network Configuration
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#### hostname / hostnamectl
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``` bash
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#get hostname
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hostname
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#set hostname
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hostnamectl
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sudo nano /etc/hostname
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#alterar o nome
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sudo nano /etc/hosts
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#alterar o nome
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Static IP
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A configuração para um ip estático poderá ser um pouco diferente de distribuição para distribuição mas a lógica é similar
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```
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#### static ip
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Debian
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sudo nano /etc/network/interfaces
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Exemplo de configuração
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``` bash
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# neste exemplo de configuração a place de rede tem o nome enxd0374555c1f8
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# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
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# and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).
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source /etc/network/interfaces.d/*
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# The loopback network interface
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auto lo
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iface lo inet loopback
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# The primary network interface
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allow-hotplug enxd0374555c1f8
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iface enxd0374555c1f8 inet static
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address 192.168.0.2
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netmask 255.255.255.0
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gateway 192.168.0.1
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dns-nameservers 89.207.128.252 89.207.130.252
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Reiniciar configuração sem reboot de computador
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```
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``` bash
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# restart configuration servicce
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sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart
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```
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### System Monitoring Utilities
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#### btop
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**Install Debian & Ubuntu:**
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```bash
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apt update && apt install btop -y
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```
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### Storage
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#### Disk Space and Used
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``` bash
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df -h
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```
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#### Physical Disks and Partition
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**List physical disks and partition size:**
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``` bash
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lsblk
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```
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**Get Partition id:**
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``` bash
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blkid /dev/sdX
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```
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##### Partition Manager
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``` bash
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fdisk /dev/sdX
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```
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[check](./docs/file-systems.md) for file systems.
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#### hdparm
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hdparm is a powerful command-line utility in Linux used to view and configure low-level parameters of SATA, IDE, and some USB hard drives. It’s commonly used for performance tuning, diagnostics, and power management.
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``` bash
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sudo apt install hdparm
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sudo hdparm -Tt /dev/sdc
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```
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#### smartctl
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smartctl is a command-line utility used to monitor and manage the health of storage devices like HDDs and SSDs using S.M.A.R.T. (Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology).
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Here’s a deeper look at what smartctl does and why it’s useful:
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```bash
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#check smart status
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smartctl -a /dev/sdX
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```
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``` bash
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df
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df -h
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du -h --max-depth=1
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```
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### Network Storage
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#### smb
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smb share
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Create credentials file
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``` bash
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#/home/mf/.credentials/smb:mf@nas.lan
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username=shareuser
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password=sharepassword
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domain=domain_or_workgroupname
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```
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Secure credentials file permission
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``` bash
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chmod 0600 /home/mf/.credentials/smb:mf@nas.lan
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```
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Add line
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``` bash
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#/etc/fstab
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//nas.lan/homes /mnt/smb-share:mf@nas.lan,share=homes cifs credentials=/home/mf/.credentials/smb:mf@nas.lan,uid=1000,gid=1000,nofail 0 0
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```
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#### gio
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**mount samba share:**
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```bash
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#/home/username/.credentials
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#username
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#SAMBA
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#password
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gio mount smb://server/share < /home/username/.credentials
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```
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**unmount:**
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```bash
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gio mount -u smb://server/share
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```
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### CLI Diagnostics and System Topology
|
||
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#### lspci
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Displays information about each PCI bus on your system. This includes information about the devices connected to the PCI subsystem.
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lspci [options]
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| Option | Description |
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| -------- | ------------- |
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| -v | Verbose |
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``` bash
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lspci -v
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```
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