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# Linux
## Table of contents
<!-- TOC -->
- [Linux](#linux)
- [Table of contents](#table-of-contents)
- [Update](#update)
- [Debian / Ubuntu](#debian--ubuntu)
- [Fedora](#fedora)
- [ls](#ls)
- [Users](#users)
- [hostname / hostnamectl](#hostname--hostnamectl)
- [static ip](#static-ip)
- [Disks](#disks)
- [mount](#mount)
- [gio](#gio)
- [mount samba share](#mount-samba-share)
- [unmount](#unmount)
- [File System](#file-system)
- [ext4](#ext4)
- [ext3](#ext3)
- [exFat](#exfat)
- [ntfs](#ntfs)
- [space usage](#space-usage)
- [Manutenção de discos](#manutenção-de-discos)
- [tar](#tar)
- [SSH](#ssh)
- [Create key](#create-key)
- [Copy public key](#copy-public-key)
- [Add existing Key](#add-existing-key)
- [Alias](#alias)
- [Port Binding](#port-binding)
- [Documentation](#documentation)
- [Benchmarking](#benchmarking)
- [themes](#themes)
- [shell](#shell)
- [terminal](#terminal)
- [Backups](#backups)
- [bash](#bash)
- [disable touch screen](#disable-touch-screen)
- [disable suspend black screen](#disable-suspend-black-screen)
- [lightdm auto login](#lightdm-auto-login)
- [btop](#btop)
- [Setup](#setup)
- [Debian \& Ubuntu](#debian--ubuntu-1)
- [lspci](#lspci)
- [gnome files / nautilus](#gnome-files--nautilus)
<!-- /TOC -->
- [Distros](#distros)
- [Graphical Environment](#graphical-environment)
- [Display Managers](#display-managers)
- [Graphical Applications](#graphical-applications)
- [Gnome Files/Nautilus](#gnome-filesnautilus)
- [Commands and Utilities](#commands-and-utilities)
- [Navigation and File Management](#navigation-and-file-management)
- [Archiving and Compression](#archiving-and-compression)
- [tar](#tar)
- [Users, Groups, and File permissions](#users-groups-and-file-permissions)
- [Network Configuration](#network-configuration)
- [hostname / hostnamectl](#hostname--hostnamectl)
- [static ip](#static-ip)
- [System Monitoring Utilities](#system-monitoring-utilities)
- [btop](#btop)
- [Storage](#storage)
- [hdparm](#hdparm)
- [Network Storage](#network-storage)
- [smb](#smb)
- [CLI Diagnostics and System Topology](#cli-diagnostics-and-system-topology)
- [lspci](#lspci)
## Update
## Distros
### Debian / Ubuntu
- [Debian](./docs/distros/debian.md)
- [Fedora](./docs/distros/fedora.md)
- [Proxmox pve](https://git.limbosolutions.com/kb/proxmox)
```bash
apt update -y
apt upgrade -y
apt autoremove -y
```
## Graphical Environment
References:
[https://linuxsimply.com/linux-basics/package-management/update-packages/sudo-apt-update/](https://linuxsimply.com/linux-basics/package-management/update-packages/sudo-apt-update/)
### Display Managers
### Fedora
🎛️ A display manager is the graphical login screen you see when you boot your system.
```bash
dnf
```
Main job: It handles user sessions — letting you log in, choose a user, select a desktop environment, and start the graphical session.
References:
[https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/quick-docs/dnf-vs-apt/](https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/quick-docs/dnf-vs-apt/)
Examples:
## ls
- LightDM (lightweight and flexible)
- GDM (GNOME Display Manager)
- SDDM (used by KDE)
- LXDM (used by LXDE)
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
### Graphical Applications
#### Gnome Files/Nautilus
<https://www.maketecheasier.com/useful-nautlius-tweaks-linux/>
## Commands and Utilities
### Navigation and File Management
📁 List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
```bash
#order by date
@@ -80,11 +63,78 @@ ls -t
#order by date reverse
ls -r
# list all
ls -lah
```
source: man
### Archiving and Compression
## Users
#### tar
**📦 tar** is a command-line utility in Unix/Linux used to archive multiple files into a single file, often for backup, compression, or distribution. The name stands for “tape archive”, originally designed for writing data to magnetic tape.
**Flags:**
- -c Create a new archive
- -v Verbose — show progress while archiving
- -p Preserve permissions — keeps original file permissions
- -z Compress using gzip
- -f File name — expects a filename right after this flag
- -I compressor
- -p preserve file permissions
```bash
tar -cvf --exclude='.cache' --exclude='Cache' --exclude='.cache' --exclude='.tmp' --exclude='tmp' /tmp/filename.tar.gz \
$source_path_to_tar
#(Parallel Implementation of Gzip) to to create a fast, compressed archive
tar -I pigz -cvf - /fileserver/media/music/*
# splits the output into 8 GB chunks,
tar -I pigz -cvf - /sourcefolder/* | split --bytes=8GB - /tmp/file.tar.gz
```## Visual Linux
🖥️
### Display Manager (DM)
🎛️
What it is: A display manager is the graphical login screen you see when you boot your system.
Main job: It handles user sessions — letting you log in, choose a user, select a desktop environment, and start the graphical session.
Examples:
- LightDM (lightweight and flexible)
- GDM (GNOME Display Manager)
- SDDM (used by KDE)
- LXDM (used by LXDE)
### Graphical Apps
🧰
## Gnome Files/Nautilus
<https://www.maketecheasier.com/useful-nautlius-tweaks-linux/>
```bash
tar -cvpzf "/vault/.backups/devices/homeserver/tar/backup_$(date +"%Y%m%d%H%M%S").tar.gz \
--exclude=/proc \
--exclude=/tmp \
--exclude=/mnt \
--exclude=/dev \
--exclude=/sys \
--exclude=/run \
--exclude=/media \
--one-file-system \
/
```
### Users, Groups, and File permissions
```bash
#create
@@ -102,14 +152,11 @@ groupadd GROUPNAME
groups USERNAME
usermod -a -G GROUPNAME USERNAME
chown [-c|--changes] [-v|--verbose] [-f|--silent|--quiet] [--dereference]
[-h|--no-dereference] [--preserve-root]
[--from=currentowner:currentgroup] [--no-preserve-root]
[-R|--recursive] [--preserve-root] [-H] [-L] [-P]
{new-owner|--reference=ref-file} file ...
```
## hostname / hostnamectl
### Network Configuration
#### hostname / hostnamectl
``` bash
@@ -117,7 +164,33 @@ chown [-c|--changes] [-v|--verbose] [-f|--silent|--quiet] [--dereference]
hostname
#set hostname
hostnamectl
hostnamectl## Visual Linux
🖥️
### Display Manager (DM)
🎛️
What it is: A display manager is the graphical login screen you see when you boot your system.
Main job: It handles user sessions — letting you log in, choose a user, select a desktop environment, and start the graphical session.
Examples:
- LightDM (lightweight and flexible)
- GDM (GNOME Display Manager)
- SDDM (used by KDE)
- LXDM (used by LXDE)
### Graphical Apps
🧰
## Gnome Files/Nautilus
<https://www.maketecheasier.com/useful-nautlius-tweaks-linux/>
sudo nano /etc/hostname
#alterar o nome
@@ -127,7 +200,7 @@ Static IP
A configuração para um ip estático poderá ser um pouco diferente de distribuição para distribuição mas a lógica é similar
```
## static ip
#### static ip
Debian
sudo nano /etc/network/interfaces
@@ -157,69 +230,41 @@ Reiniciar configuração sem reboot de computador
```
``` bash
Reiniciar configuração sem reboot de computador
#sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart
# restart configuration servicce
sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart
```
## Disks
### System Monitoring Utilities
File System & Space Usage
#### btop
**Install Debian & Ubuntu:**
```bash
apt update && apt install btop -y
```
### Storage
#### hdparm
hdparm is a powerful command-line utility in Linux used to view and configure low-level parameters of SATA, IDE, and some USB hard drives. It’s commonly used for performance tuning, diagnostics, and power management.
``` bash
sudo apt install hdparm
sudo hdparm -Tt /dev/sdc
```
``` bash
df
df -h
du -h --max-depth=1
```
List physical disks and partition size
### Network Storage
``` bash
lsblk
```
List partition ids
``` bash
blkid /dev/sdc1
```
Partition Manager
``` bash
fdisk /dev/<DISK NAME>
#Example:
fdisk /dev/sdc
#Partições como mais de 2 TB
sudo parted /dev/sdc
#(parted) mklabel gpt
#alterar para a unidade de medida que desejar
#(parted) unit TB
#ver espaço livre
(parted) print free
#criar partição com espaço livre (exemplo:4 Teras)
mkpart primary ext4 0 4
#Formatar uma partição
```
## mount
Mount partition on boot fstab
``` bash
nano /etc/fstabexemplo de alias
```
ext4 example
``` bash
#add line
PARTUUID=<PARTUUID GIVEN blksid> <FOLDER WHERE TO MOUNT> ext4 defaults,nofail 0 02
```
Mount fstab partions without reboot
``` bash
mount -a
```
#### smb
smb share
@@ -245,321 +290,9 @@ Add line
//nas.lan/homes /mnt/smb-share:mf@nas.lan,share=homes cifs credentials=/home/mf/.credentials/smb:mf@nas.lan,uid=1000,gid=1000,nofail 0 0
```
## gio
### CLI Diagnostics and System Topology
### mount samba share
```bash
#/home/username/.credentials
#username
#SAMBA
#password
gio mount smb://server/share < /home/username/.credentials
```
### unmount
```bash
gio mount -u smb://server/share
```
## File System
### ext4
mkfs.ext4 _filesys_
Example
```
mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
```
### ext3
mkfs.ext3 _filesys_
Example
``` bash
mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb1
#exFat
mkfs.exfat /dev/sdc1
```
### exFat
mkfs.exfat _filesys_
``` bash
mkfs.exfat /dev/sdc1
```
### ntfs
``` bash
apt-get install ntfs-3g
mkntfs --fast --label Backups /dev/sdc1
```
## space usage
df
df -h
du -h --max-depth=1
## Manutenção de discos
Bad Sectors
sudo e2fsck -cfpv /dev/sda1
O Exemplo foi com o disco sda1 mas deverá ser substituído pelo disco desejado
Os parâmetros têm os seguintes significados:
“c” procura por blocos defeituosos e os adiciona à lista
“f” força uma verificação no sistema de arquivos
“p” repara qualquer coisa que possa ser reparada com segurança
“v” está no modo detalhado. você pode ver o progresso do comando
Esse comando pode levar muito tempo para ser executado, até várias horas em uma unidade particularmente grande.
## tar
A utilização o comando tar é uma das formas de comprimir no linux
```
tar -cvf --exclude='.cache' --exclude='Cache' --exclude='.cache' --exclude='.tmp' --exclude='tmp' /tmp/nomedoficheiro.tar.gz /PATHPARAFICEHIROOUDIRECTORIO
#Caso seja necessário paralelismo
tar -I pigz -cvf - /fileserver/media/music/*
#Se for necessário limitar o tamanho do ficheiro compresso (dividindo em multiplos ficheiros)
tar -I pigz -cvf - /sourcefolder/* | split --bytes=8GB - /tmp/file.tar.gz
```
## SSH
### Create key
```bash
ssh-keygen -t ecdsa -b 521
#or
ssh-keygen -t ecdsa -b 521 -f ~/.ssh/key-ecdsa
```
### Copy public key
```bash
ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_ed25519
ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh//ey-ecdsa.pub example_user@192.0.2.4
```
### Add existing Key
```bash
ssh-add ~/.ssh/key-ecdsa
```
### Alias
```bash
Host srv01
HostName srv01.lan
User john
RemoteCommand cd ~/; exec bash --login
RequestTTY yes
```
### Port Binding
Bind local port 8001 to target-server port 80 using jump-machine.local.
_(local machine without direct access to target-server)_
```bash
ssh -f -N -L localhost:8001:target-server:80 usr@jump-machine.local
```
#### Documentation
``` bash
# man
-f Requests ssh to go to background just before command
execution. This is useful if ssh is going to ask for
passwords or passphrases, but the user wants it in the
background. This implies -n. The recommended way to
start X11 programs at a remote site is with something
like ssh -f host xterm.
-N Do not execute a remote command. This is useful for just
forwarding ports. Refer to the description of
SessionType in ssh_config(5) for details.
-L [bind_address:]port:host:hostport
-L [bind_address:]port:remote_socket
-L local_socket:host:hostport
-L local_socket:remote_socket
Specifies that connections to the given TCP port or Unix socket on the
local (client) host are to be forwarded to the given host and port, or
Unix socket, on the remote side. This works by allocating a socket to
listen to either a TCP port on the local side, optionally bound to the
specified bind_address, or to a Unix socket. Whenever a connection is
made to the local port or socket, the connection is forwarded over the
secure channel, and a connection is made to either host port hostport,
or the Unix socket remote_socket, from the remote machine.
Port forwardings can also be specified in the configuration file. Only
the superuser can forward privileged ports. IPv6 addresses can be
specified by enclosing the address in square brackets.
By default, the local port is bound in accordance with the GatewayPorts
setting. However, an explicit bind_address may be used to bind the
connection to a specific address. The bind_address of “localhost”
indicates that the listening port be bound for local use only, while an
empty address or ‘*’ indicates that the port should be available from
all interfaces.
```
## Benchmarking
Discos
sudo apt install hdparm
sudo hdparm -Tt /dev/sdc
## themes
- <https://github.com/EliverLara/Nordic>
### shell
- zsh
```bash
sudo apt install zsh
chsh -s /bin/zsh $whoami
sudo apt-get install fonts-powerline
#source https://ohmyz.sh/#install
ssh -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/robbyrussell/oh-my-zsh/master/tools/install.sh)"
#~/home/.zshrc
#ZSH_THEME="agnoster"
```
### terminal
- guake
```bash
apt install guake
```
```bash
# ~/.config/autostart/guake.desktop
[Desktop Entry]
Name=guake
GenericName=guake auto start
Comment=
Exec=guake --hide
Terminal=false
Type=Application
X-GNOME-Autostart-enabled=true
```
- terminator
```bash
apt install terminator
```
## Backups
### bash
```bash
tar -cvpzf "/vault/.backups/devices/homeserver/tar/backup_$(date +"%Y%m%d%H%M%S").tar.gz \
--exclude=/proc \
--exclude=/tmp \
--exclude=/mnt \
--exclude=/dev \
--exclude=/sys \
--exclude=/run \
--exclude=/media \
--one-file-system \
/
```
```bash
#!/bin/bash
gio mount ftp://ftp.backups@backupsrv01.dev.lan < ~/.credentials/ftp.backups@backupsrv01.dev.lan
DATE=$(date +%d-%m-%Y)
BACKUP_DIR="/run/user/1000/gvfs/ftp:host=backupsrv01.dev.lan,user=ftp.backups/mf.brutus.dev.lan"
#To backup 2daygeek's home directory
tar -zcvpf $BACKUP_DIR/home-mf_$DATE.tar.gz --exclude="**/.tmp/*" --exclude="**/Downloads/*" --exclude="**/.cache/*" --exclude="**/Trash/*" --exclude="**/cache/*" /home/mf
#To delete files older than 10 days
find $BACKUP_DIR/* -mtime +10 -exec rm {} \;
gio mount -u ftp://ftp.backups@backupsrv01.dev.lan
```
## disable touch screen
``` bash
sudo apt-get -y install xinput
xinput
```
Run xinput to list out the input devices. Your touchscreen should show as one of the "pointers".
xinput disable "NTRG0001:01 1B96:1B05" (your device ID may differ than mine)
Add this to your ~/.profile or such to do automatically upon login
xinput disable "NTRG0001:01 1B96:1B05"
Source: https://askubuntu.com/questions/759335/how-to-disable-a-touchscreen-on-surface-pro-3
## disable suspend black screen
```bash
# /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf
[Seat:*]
xserver-command=X -s 0 dpms
```
## lightdm auto login
```bash
# /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf
[SeatDefaults]
autologin-user=public
autologin-user-timeout=5
# Uncomment the following, if running Unity
#greeter-session=unity-greeter
```
## btop
### Setup
#### Debian & Ubuntu
```bash
apt update && apt install btop -y
```
## lspci
#### lspci
Displays information about each PCI bus on your system. This includes information about the devices connected to the PCI subsystem.
@@ -573,6 +306,3 @@ lspci [options]
lspci -v
```
## gnome files / nautilus
<https://www.maketecheasier.com/useful-nautlius-tweaks-linux/>