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# Wayland
Wayland is a modern display protocol and architecture that replaces the aging X11 system on Linux. It defines how applications communicate with the display server to render graphics and handle input.
**🧩 Core Concepts of Wayland:**
Protocol, not a server: Wayland is a specification — it defines how clients (apps) and the compositor (display server) talk to each other.
Compositor = Display Server + Window Manager: In Wayland, the compositor handles both rendering and window management. Examples include:
- [Mutter (GNOME)](../desktop-environments/gnome.md)
- [KWin (KDE Plasma)](../window-managers/kwin.md)
- [Hyprland](../window-managers/hyprland.md), Sway, river, etc.
Direct rendering: Applications render their own graphics and hand them off to the compositor, reducing complexity and improving performance.

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# x11
x11 (also known as the X Window System) is a display protocol and windowing system that provides the graphical interface layer for Unix-like operating systems, including Linux. Its been the foundation of Linux GUIs for decades, though it
s now being gradually replaced by Wayland.
🧩 Core Concepts of X11
- ClientServer Architecture:
- The X server handles input/output devices (keyboard, mouse, display).
- X clients are applications that request graphical output and user input.
- Network Transparency:
- X11 allows applications to run on one machine and display on another over a network — a key feature for remote GUI sessions.
- Protocol Version:
- The current version is X11, released in 1987.
- Thats why its often called “X11” even though the system itself is just “X.”
- Modularity:
- X11 doesnt dictate window decorations or behavior — thats handled by window managers like KWin, i3, or Openbox.
- It also doesnt include a desktop environment — DEs like GNOME or KDE build on top of X11.